Mission of MARS(MANGALYAAN)
INTRODUCTION:
Hi friends ,I am Natheeshkumar, we will discuss in this article about September 24,yes about September 24, because this day makes pride moment for all Indians on international sites. This gift was given by our great engineers who work on ISRO. The day, ISRO place Mangalyaan on Martian Orbit successfully. let we see about Mangalyaanś journey.
Before start this,we need known about some basic ,which are
1)About Earth Rotation.
The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km (92.96 million miles),and one complete orbit takes 365.256 days , during which time Earth has traveled 940 million km (584 million miles) Earth's orbit has an eccentricity of 0.0167.The minimum distance from the Earth to Mars is about 54.6 million kilometers. The farthest apart they can be is about 401 million km. The average distance is about 225 million km.
Then what is eccentricity?
The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle. If not understand, see the pic by Wikipedia
2) About Earth Orbit (Most important topic as ECE ian)
Geostationary orbit
Satellites in geostationary orbit continuously cover a large portion of the Earth, this makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions. It also decreases costs as ground stations do not need to track the satellite.
Geostationary transfer orbit
This is an elliptical Earth orbit used to transfer a spacecraft from a low altitude orbit or flight trajectory to geostationary orbit. The apogee (height)is at 36 000 km. When a spacecraft reaches this point, its apogee kick motor is fired to inject it into geostationary orbit.
Low Earth orbits
A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. Satellites in this circular orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km/second. At this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle the Earth.In general, these orbits are used for remote sensing, military purposes and for human spaceflight as they offer close proximity to the Earth’s surface for imaging and the short orbital periods allow for rapid revisits. The International Space Station is in low Earth orbit
Medium low Earth orbit
This orbit takes place at an altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of satellites mainly used for telecommunications. A satellite in this orbit travels at approximately 7.3 km per second.
Polar orbits
As the name suggests, polar orbits pass over the Earth’s polar regions from north to south. The orbital track of the satellite does not have to cross the poles exactly for an orbit to be called polar, an orbit which passes within 20 to 30 degrees of the poles is still classed as a polar orbit.
These orbits mainly take place at low altitudes of between 200 to 1000 km. Satellites in polar orbit look down on the Earth’s entire surface and can pass over the North and South Poles several times a day.
Polar orbits are used for reconnaissance and Earth observation. If a satellite is in polar orbit at an altitude of 800 km, it will be travelling at a speed of approximately 7.5 km per second.
Sun synchronous orbits
These are polar orbits which are synchronous with the Sun. A satellite in a sun synchronous orbit would usually be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. Generally these orbits are used for Earth observation, solar study, weather forecasting and reconnaissance, as ground observation is improved if the surface is always illuminated by the Sun at the same angle when viewed from the satellite.
These definition I take from European Space Agency(ESA).
For Mangalayaan don’t forgot about Geostationary transfer orbit and polar orbit. Because these part is interesting part in mangalyaan journey.
3) Newton’s third law:
“Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.”
A rocket can lift off from a launch pad only when it expels gas out of its engine. The rocket pushes on the gas, and the gas in turn pushes on the rocket. With rockets, the action is the expelling of gas out of the engine. The reaction is the movement of the rocket in the opposite direction. To enable a rocket to lift off from the launch pad, the action, or thrust, from the engine must be greater than the mass of the rocket. In space, however, even tiny thrusts will cause the rocket to change direction.
This definition I take from MIT official website.
4)Indian political movements:
The budget of Mangalyaan ₹450 Crore (US$73 million),The amount was sanctioned by Congress government, Honorable prime Minister Manmohan Singh,But during that time Narendra Damodardas Modiś magic waves spread around the India,later election, chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi elected as prime Minister of India,and Bharatiya Janata Party became single largest party in India,he watch directly on Satish Dhawan Space Centre ,congratulate the scientist after success.
ISRO Launchers:
Launch vehicle: launch vehicle is used to lift the satellites from Earth to space.
ISRO`s Launchers are follows:
SLV:
Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) was India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle, which was an all solid, four stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes with a height of 22m and capable of placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit .this era start at 1980s
ASLV:
(Augmented satellite launch vehicle) It like SLV,3 times ad advanced then SLV,it carries the weight payload about 150kgs,it was developed 3 times, these era start at 1987s
PSLV
And next is PSLV(Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle),This is greatest and powerful creation of our engineer s,above 2s launchers are used solid state propellants,but this series contain both solid and liquid engine and propellants,PSLV has three variants (PSLV G,PSLV CA,PSLV XL),ISRO launch 43 PSLV rocket,only 2 was unsuccessful,this era start from 1993,first attempt was failure, remain failure at 2017,still it run very successful one. By using this vehicle ISRO launch Chandrayan 1 and Mangalayaan. PSLV was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. During 1994-2017 period, the vehicle has launched 48 Indian satellites and 209 satellites for customers from abroad.
It can take up to 1,750 kg of payload to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits of 600 km altitude.
GSLV:
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark II (GSLV Mk II) is the largest launch vehicle developed by India, which is currently in operation. This fourth generation launch vehicle is a three stage vehicle with four liquid strap-ons.Over 12 launches were done,this era start 2001 onwards. From January 2014, the vehicle has achieved four consecutive successes.totally 3 mission were unsuccessful.
It can take up to 2500 of Payload to Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits and It take up to 5000 kg of payload to low Earth orbit.
GSLV MK 3:
GSLV Mk III is a three-stage heavy lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid booster and a cryogenic upper stage.
GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of GSLV Mk II.
Totally two launches one at 2014 other at 2017,both are success
Other two RLV-TD(reusable like falcon by space X) and Scramjet Engine – TD,We will discuss these two later.
Here, we will see about Mangalyaan journey:
India’s adventure to Mars began in 2012,this is India’s first interplanetary mission,if it successful,it would be the 4th space agency in the world and first Asian country to reach Mars.
ISRO is managed by the Department of Space (DoS) of the Government of India. DoS itself falls under the authority of the Prime Minister's Office directly, and the Space Commission, and manages the following agencies and institutes
1)Indian Space Research Organisation Holds,
1.Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
2.Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
3.Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR), Sriharikota.
4.ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri.
5.ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore.
6.Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad.
7.National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
8.ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram.
9.Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Ahmedabad.
10.Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan, Karnataka.
11.ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bangalore.
12.Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS), Bangalore.
13.Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun.
2)Antrix Corporation – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bangalore.
3)Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
4)National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, Andhra pradesh.
5)North-Eastern Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), Umiam.
6)Semi-Conductor Laboratory (SCL), Mohali.
7)Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university.
ISRO chose PSLV C-25 launcher, because it is one of the most reliable rocket in ISRO histories.
But the problem is ,it was not powerful enough to send Mangalyaan directly on a path to mars. Project Mangalyaan need one powerful rocket that would throw the spacecraft out of the Earth sphere of influence and directly on a path towards Mars.
Yes, We have that power, that name is GSLV, But another problem is GSLV in underdevelopment, So engineers in ISRO not believe with GSLV.
Check out this reason why in “about earth orbit” in “basic” paragraph.
At this critical situation a great man V.Adimurthy, who evaluated India’s ability to journey to mars, he solve complex calculations and he fix the mars reaching date September,24,2014(yes, today). And if they missed this date, the next opportunity will come 26 month later, so they decided deadline, and fix the launching date and time.
TRAVELLING PLAN:
Mangalyaan has to start from earth orbit on precise date and go towards its journey towards mars.whilst to reach the mars on 24th September,2014, Mars will be there for the rendezvous at that time when Mangalyaan reaches there(mars). If that start too early then Mangalyaan will be ahead of mars,and if start too late Mangalyaan will be behind Mars, both can make mission as failure.so Mangalyaan had to be launched within crucial time.so the ISRO scientists who had to come up with an innovative flight plan.
STARTING PLAN:
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) started,ISRO set its work around india,ISRO centres in Bengaluru designed ,built and tested Mangalyaan, Ahmedabad engineered it's camera and scientific instruments, Sriharikota would be its launch centre, The deep space antenna in Byalalu(located in Bengaluru) would track the communication.and the mission control room back in Bengaluru would monitor and navigate it.
TEAM MANGALYAAN:
K.RADHAKRISHNAN,CHAIRMAN,ISRO(at time of launch)
A S KIRAN KUMAR,CHAIRMAN,ISRO(worst-case scenarios and fuel managements)
M ANNADURAI ,DIRECTOR,ISRO(economical mars mission and worst-case management)
S.ARUNAN,PROJECT DIRECTOR(build an intelligent craft and autonomous craft) 
These leading members of this great team had worked on successful lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1,but this was first interplanetary mission,their scientific prowess would be tested at every turn after mission get started.
LAUNCHING PLAN:
Scientist have to monitor every aspects of this lift-off and constantly track mangalyaan’s over 300 day space journey. They need information at each stage.and India could not do this alone. So major requirement needed, to provide continuous mars data and control support.So they established 32 antennae ground station support spread throughout the world.
During launch ,ground station in Sriharikota,Port Blair,brunei and Indonesia will track the rocket and will relay data to mission team,but once the rocket is above the south pacific ocean,ground station will not able to track it. And the mission team couldn’t afford without communication. After much deliberation they came up with a solution.Two ships loaded with powerful antennae would be stationed in the pacific and would send information of this part of launch.
SETBACKs and CRISIS:
But the team faced its first setback.one of the ships couldn’t reach its location on time,due to bad weather.so the preparation for the launch is cancelled, and plan is collapsed. scientist face lose before its take off.
NEW LAUNCH DATE:
India's mission to mars team was up against a challenge . The mission team had to realign all their calculations and come up with new launch date. The new date is November 5th.
3 STAGE LAUNCH SEPARATION:
The world was watching,scientists are counting down to blast off.
10,9,8,7,…….,2,1,0, +1,+2………..
SriHarikota, Port Blair, Brunei, Indonesia sends signal confirming the success of the first three launch phases.then rocket travels about 26 mins in south pacific ocean.
4th STAGE LAUNCH SEPRATION:
This followed by the crucial 4th stage, when Mangalyaan separates from the launch vehicle and is thrown into orbit.communication is crucial at this stage.This place where the 2 ships have a major key role.The first ship monitors the ignition of the rockets engine.and the second ship monitors craft separation. ,and Mangalyaan is finally sent into an elliptical orbit around earth.
AFTER REACHING EARTH ORBIT:
After a successful launch Mangalyaan has been put on an elliptical orbit around Earth. Over the next 25 days,scientists will fire up mangalyaans engine six times to raises the orbit and increase its velocity high enough so it can escape earth's sphere of influence.mangalyaan has completed 3 orbit-raising operations around the earth.each bigger than the previous one.and then scientist hit another snag
The 4th time the engine fired up,it undeformed and did not reach the targeted velocity.this will affect reaching date. this means Mangalyaan would have to use extra fuel to make up for the shortfall.the main engine shut down due to some onboard logic.after much deliberation , the team decided on firing up the engine for one extra time to ensure Mangalyaan speeds up to the required velocity.Mangalyaan makes up for the shortfall in additional engine burn. And the correction is successful.
TRAVELLING IN SPACE:
Mangalyaan is now gearing up and makes its way towards mars,Mangalyaan escape from earth orbit and starts its first interplanetary journey towards mars.
SPACE NAVIGATION:
It hurdles in unfamiliar territory of outer space, accurate navigation and communication would make or break india's mars ambition.it travel at speed 20km/s.we can’t navigate Mangalyaan in deep space
Here one solution,that is Hundreds of years ago ancient indian astronomers like Aryabhata and varahimihira using rudimentary instruments have studied the stars and mapped them and studied the planetary motions.ancient explorers have used the stars in the night sky to navigate their position and go around in the exploration, in a similar way has also used the stars around the spacecraft to know their precise orientation and proceed accurately twards mars.
These was done by two girls
NANDINI HARINATH(Deputy operations director, ISRO)
RITU KARIDHAL(Deputy operations director, ISRO)
Who monitor power,navigation and communication and operate mangalyan to stay on course.
FINAL SUCCESS:
When Mangalyaan has to enter the mars orbit,but this part has number of challenges.the big worry is Mangalyaan engine,the engine was not turned on around 300 days.it now need to fire up again.the decision is taken to test if engine would come on.engine fired up without a hitch.The engine works without any interrupt.then mangalyaan rotate into 180 times inverse and reduce its speed into 4 km /sec
While Mangalyaan enters the martian orbit,it would behind the Mars,thus cutting off communication with the earth and the mission team.this means mangalyaan has to function in auto mode.and the commands are fed in advance. Mangalyaan passes into shadow entering an eclipse.the engine fires up,mangalyaan goes behind mars,it will be take 25 mins to finnish first elliptical round.The signal passed by mangalyaan after 25 mins.NASA ground station in Goldstone in California and Canberra in Australia are idenly tracking Mangalyaan,the would be the first receive confirmation of success of this mission. The first message from Mangalyaan comes in and it successfully entered mars orbit.And sends first photo of Mars.
Finally success was made.this is landmark moment in India's space program
Comments
Post a Comment