Mission
of MARS(MANGALYAAN)
INTRODUCTION:
Hi friends ,I am Natheeshkumar, we
will discuss in this article about September 24,yes about September 24, because
this day makes pride moment for all Indians on international sites. This gift
was given by our great engineers who work on ISRO. The day, ISRO place Mangalyaan on Martian Orbit successfully. let we see about Mangalyaanś journey.
Before start this,we need known
about some basic ,which are
1)About Earth Rotation.
The average distance between the Earth and the Sun is 149.60 million km (92.96 million miles),and one complete orbit
takes 365.256 days , during which time Earth has traveled
940 million km (584 million miles) Earth's orbit has an eccentricity of
0.0167.The minimum distance from the Earth to
Mars is about 54.6 million kilometers. The farthest apart they can be is about 401 million km. The average
distance is about 225 million km.
Then what is eccentricity?
The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical
object is a parameter that determines the
amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle. If not understand, see the pic by Wikipedia
2) About Earth Orbit
(Most important topic as ECE ian)
Geostationary orbit
Satellites in geostationary orbit continuously cover a large portion of the Earth, this makes it an ideal orbit for telecommunications or for monitoring continent-wide weather patterns and environmental conditions. It also decreases costs as ground stations do not need to track the satellite.
Geostationary transfer orbit
This is an elliptical
Earth orbit used to transfer a spacecraft from a low altitude orbit or flight
trajectory to geostationary orbit. The apogee (height)is at 36 000 km. When a
spacecraft reaches this point, its apogee kick motor is fired to inject it into
geostationary orbit.
Low Earth orbits
A low Earth orbit is normally at an altitude of less than 1000 km and could be as low as 160 km above the Earth. Satellites in this circular orbit travel at a speed of around 7.8 km/second. At this speed, a satellite takes approximately 90 minutes to circle the Earth.In general, these orbits are used for remote sensing, military purposes and for human spaceflight as they offer close proximity to the Earth’s surface for imaging and the short orbital periods allow for rapid revisits. The International Space Station is in low Earth orbit
Medium low Earth orbit
This orbit takes place at an
altitude of around 1000 km and is particularly suited for constellations of
satellites mainly used for telecommunications. A satellite in this orbit
travels at approximately 7.3 km per second.
Polar orbits
As the name suggests, polar orbits
pass over the Earth’s polar regions from north to south. The orbital track of
the satellite does not have to cross the poles exactly for an orbit to be
called polar, an orbit which passes within 20 to 30 degrees of the poles is
still classed as a polar orbit.
These orbits mainly take place at
low altitudes of between 200 to 1000 km. Satellites in polar orbit look down on
the Earth’s entire surface and can pass over the North and South Poles several
times a day.
Polar orbits are used for
reconnaissance and Earth observation. If a satellite is in polar orbit at an
altitude of 800 km, it will be travelling at a speed of approximately 7.5 km
per second.
Sun synchronous orbits
These are polar orbits which are
synchronous with the Sun. A satellite in a sun synchronous orbit would usually
be at an altitude of between 600 to 800 km. Generally these orbits are used for
Earth observation, solar study, weather forecasting and reconnaissance, as
ground observation is improved if the surface is always illuminated by the Sun
at the same angle when viewed from the satellite.
These definition I take from European Space Agency(ESA).
For Mangalayaan don’t forgot
about Geostationary
transfer orbit and polar orbit. Because these part is interesting part in
mangalyaan journey.
3) Newton’s third law:
“Every
action has an equal and opposite reaction.”
A rocket can lift off from a launch pad only when it expels gas
out of its engine. The rocket pushes on the gas, and the gas in turn pushes on
the rocket. With rockets, the action is the expelling of gas out of the engine.
The reaction is the movement of the rocket in the opposite direction. To enable
a rocket to lift off from the launch pad, the action, or thrust, from the
engine must be greater than the mass of the rocket. In space, however, even
tiny thrusts will cause the rocket to change direction.
This definition I take
from MIT official website.
4)Indian political movements:
The budget of Mangalyaan ₹450
Crore (US$73 million),The amount was sanctioned by Congress government,
Honorable prime Minister Manmohan
Singh,But during that time Narendra Damodardas Modiś magic waves spread around the
India,later election, chief Minister of Gujarat Narendra Modi elected as prime
Minister of India,and Bharatiya Janata Party became single largest party in India,he watch directly on Satish Dhawan Space Centre ,congratulate
the scientist after success.
ISRO Launchers:
Launch vehicle: launch vehicle is used to lift the
satellites from Earth to space.
ISRO`s Launchers are follows:
SLV:
Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) was
India's first experimental satellite launch vehicle, which was an all solid,
four stage vehicle weighing 17 tonnes with a height of 22m and capable of
placing 40 kg class payloads in Low Earth Orbit .this era start at 1980s
ASLV:
(Augmented satellite launch vehicle) It
like SLV,3 times ad advanced then SLV,it carries the weight payload about
150kgs,it was developed 3 times, these era start at 1987s
PSLV
And next is
PSLV(Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle),This is greatest and powerful creation of
our engineer s,above 2s launchers are
used solid state propellants,but this series contain both solid and liquid
engine and propellants,PSLV has three variants (PSLV G,PSLV CA,PSLV XL),ISRO
launch 43 PSLV rocket,only 2 was unsuccessful,this era start from 1993,first
attempt was failure, remain failure at 2017,still it run very successful one.
By using this vehicle ISRO launch Chandrayan 1 and Mangalayaan. PSLV was developed to launch Low Earth Orbit
satellites into Polar and Sun Synchronous Orbits. During 1994-2017 period, the
vehicle has launched 48 Indian satellites and 209 satellites for customers from
abroad.
It can take up to 1,750 kg of payload
to Sun-Synchronous Polar Orbits of 600 km altitude.
GSLV:
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
Mark II (GSLV Mk II) is the largest launch vehicle developed by India, which is
currently in operation. This fourth generation launch vehicle is a three stage
vehicle with four liquid strap-ons.Over 12 launches were done,this era start
2001 onwards. From January 2014, the vehicle has achieved four consecutive
successes.totally 3 mission were unsuccessful.
It can take up to 2500 of Payload to
Geosynchronous Transfer Orbits and It take up to 5000 kg of payload to low
Earth orbit.
GSLV
MK 3:
GSLV Mk III is a three-stage heavy lift
launch vehicle developed by ISRO. The vehicle has two solid strap-ons, a core liquid
booster and a cryogenic upper stage.
GSLV Mk III is designed to carry 4 ton class of
satellites into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO) or about 10 tons to Low
Earth Orbit (LEO), which is about twice the capability of GSLV Mk II.
Totally
two launches one at 2014 other at 2017,both are success
Other two RLV-TD(reusable like falcon by space X)
and Scramjet Engine – TD,We will discuss these two later.
Here, we
will see about Mangalyaan journey:
India’s adventure to Mars began in 2012,this is India’s first interplanetary mission,if it successful,it
would be the 4th space agency in the world and first Asian country
to reach Mars.
ISRO is managed by the Department of Space (DoS) of
the Government of India. DoS itself falls under the authority of the Prime
Minister's Office directly, and the Space Commission, and manages the following
agencies and institutes
1)Indian Space Research
Organisation Holds,
1.Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
2.Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
3.Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC-SHAR), Sriharikota.
4.ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri.
5.ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore.
6.Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad.
7.National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
8.ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram.
9.Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Ahmedabad.
10.Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan, Karnataka.
11.ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC), Bangalore.
12.Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems (LEOS), Bangalore.
13.Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS), Dehradun.
2)Antrix
Corporation – The
marketing arm of ISRO, Bangalore.
3)Physical
Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
4)National
Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, Andhra pradesh.
5)North-Eastern
Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), Umiam.
6)Semi-Conductor
Laboratory (SCL), Mohali.
7)Indian
Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university.
ISRO
chose PSLV C-25 launcher, because it is one of the most reliable rocket in ISRO
histories.
But the problem is ,it was not powerful enough to
send Mangalyaan directly on a path to mars. Project Mangalyaan need one
powerful rocket that would throw the spacecraft out of the Earth sphere of
influence and directly on a path towards Mars.
Yes, We have
that power, that name is GSLV, But another problem is GSLV in underdevelopment, So engineers in ISRO not
believe with GSLV.
Check out this reason why in “about earth orbit” in
“basic” paragraph.
At this
critical situation a great man V.Adimurthy,
who evaluated India’s ability to journey to mars, he solve complex calculations
and he fix the mars reaching date September,24,2014(yes, today). And if they
missed this date, the next opportunity will come 26 month later, so they
decided deadline, and fix the launching date and time.
TRAVELLING PLAN:
Mangalyaan
has to start from earth orbit on precise date and go towards its journey
towards mars.whilst to reach the mars on 24th September,2014, Mars
will be there for the rendezvous at that time when Mangalyaan reaches
there(mars). If that start too early then Mangalyaan will be ahead of mars,and
if start too late Mangalyaan will be behind Mars, both can make mission as
failure.so Mangalyaan had to be launched within crucial time.so the ISRO
scientists who had to come up with an innovative flight plan.
STARTING PLAN:
Mars
Orbiter Mission (MOM) started,ISRO set its work around india,ISRO centres in
Bengaluru designed ,built and tested Mangalyaan, Ahmedabad engineered it's
camera and scientific instruments, Sriharikota would be its launch centre, The
deep space antenna in Byalalu(located in Bengaluru) would track the
communication.and the mission control room back in Bengaluru would monitor and
navigate it.
TEAM MANGALYAAN:
K.RADHAKRISHNAN,CHAIRMAN,ISRO(at time of launch)
A S KIRAN
KUMAR,CHAIRMAN,ISRO(worst-case scenarios and fuel managements)
M ANNADURAI
,DIRECTOR,ISRO(economical mars mission and worst-case management)
S.ARUNAN,PROJECT DIRECTOR(build an
intelligent craft and autonomous craft) 
These leading members of this great team had worked
on successful lunar mission, Chandrayaan-1,but this was first interplanetary
mission,their scientific prowess would be tested at every turn after mission
get started.
LAUNCHING PLAN:
Scientist have to monitor every aspects of
this lift-off and constantly track mangalyaan’s over 300 day space journey.
They need information at each stage.and India could not do this alone. So major
requirement needed, to provide continuous mars data and control support.So they
established 32 antennae ground station support spread throughout the world.
During launch ,ground station in Sriharikota,Port
Blair,brunei and Indonesia will track the rocket and will relay data to mission
team,but once the rocket is above the south pacific ocean,ground station will
not able to track it. And the mission team couldn’t afford without
communication. After much deliberation they came up with a solution.Two ships
loaded with powerful antennae would be stationed in the pacific and would send
information of this part of launch.
SETBACKs and CRISIS:
But the
team faced its first setback.one of the ships couldn’t reach its location on
time,due to bad weather.so the preparation for the launch is cancelled, and
plan is collapsed. scientist face lose before its take off.
NEW LAUNCH DATE:
India's
mission to mars team was up against a challenge . The mission team had to
realign all their calculations and come up with new launch date. The new date is November 5th.
3 STAGE LAUNCH SEPARATION:
The world was watching,scientists are
counting down to blast off.
10,9,8,7,…….,2,1,0,
+1,+2………..
SriHarikota, Port Blair, Brunei, Indonesia
sends signal confirming the success of the first three launch phases.then
rocket travels about 26 mins in south pacific ocean.
4th STAGE LAUNCH
SEPRATION:
This
followed by the crucial 4th stage, when Mangalyaan separates from
the launch vehicle and is thrown into orbit.communication is crucial at this
stage.This place where the 2 ships have a major key role.The first ship
monitors the ignition of the rockets engine.and the second ship monitors craft
separation. ,and Mangalyaan is finally sent into an elliptical orbit around
earth.
AFTER REACHING EARTH ORBIT:
After a successful launch Mangalyaan has
been put on an elliptical orbit around Earth. Over the next 25 days,scientists
will fire up mangalyaans engine six times to raises the orbit and increase its
velocity high enough so it can escape earth's sphere of influence.mangalyaan
has completed 3 orbit-raising operations around the earth.each bigger than the
previous one.and then scientist hit another snag
The 4th time the engine
fired up,it undeformed and did not reach the targeted velocity.this will affect
reaching date. this means Mangalyaan would have to use extra fuel to make up
for the shortfall.the main engine shut down due to some onboard logic.after
much deliberation , the team decided on firing up the engine for one extra time
to ensure Mangalyaan speeds up to the required velocity.Mangalyaan makes up for
the shortfall in additional engine burn. And the correction is successful.
TRAVELLING IN SPACE:
Mangalyaan
is now gearing up and makes its way towards mars,Mangalyaan escape from earth
orbit and starts its first interplanetary journey towards mars.
SPACE NAVIGATION:
It hurdles in unfamiliar territory of outer space,
accurate navigation and communication would make or break india's mars
ambition.it travel at speed 20km/s.we can’t navigate Mangalyaan in deep space
Here one
solution,that is Hundreds of years ago ancient indian astronomers like
Aryabhata and varahimihira using rudimentary instruments have studied the stars
and mapped them and studied the planetary motions.ancient explorers have used
the stars in the night sky to navigate their position and go around in the
exploration, in a similar way has also used the stars around the spacecraft to
know their precise orientation and proceed accurately twards mars.
These was
done by two girls
NANDINI HARINATH(Deputy operations
director, ISRO)
RITU KARIDHAL(Deputy operations
director, ISRO)
Who monitor power,navigation
and communication and operate mangalyan to stay on course.
FINAL SUCCESS:
When
Mangalyaan has to enter the mars orbit,but this part has number of
challenges.the big worry is Mangalyaan engine,the engine was not turned on
around 300 days.it now need to fire up again.the decision is taken to test if
engine would come on.engine fired up without a hitch.The engine works without
any interrupt.then mangalyaan rotate into 180 times inverse and reduce its
speed into 4 km /sec
While Mangalyaan enters the martian orbit,it would
behind the Mars,thus cutting off communication with the earth and the mission
team.this means mangalyaan has to function in auto mode.and the commands are
fed in advance. Mangalyaan passes into shadow entering an eclipse.the engine
fires up,mangalyaan goes behind mars,it will be take 25 mins to finnish first elliptical round.The
signal passed by mangalyaan after 25 mins.NASA ground station in Goldstone in California and Canberra in Australia are idenly tracking
Mangalyaan,the would be the first receive confirmation of success of this
mission. The first message from Mangalyaan comes in and it successfully entered
mars orbit.And sends first photo of Mars.
Finally success was made.this is landmark moment in India's space program
Nice..
ReplyDelete👍
ReplyDeleteThank you
ReplyDeleteSuper please add technical specifications
ReplyDeleteOk frnd,I will add
DeleteNice! Brother
ReplyDeleteThank you
ReplyDeleteNice content
ReplyDelete